The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science

Authors: Bogdanor
Summary: In approximately 625 words, this entry describes majority rule as a concept, discusses its varying theoretical approaches, and explains two problem types encountered in applying majority rule.
The entry describes majority rule generally as a decision-making technique, and more specifically as government by a majority of citizens. In cases of disagreement, different majorities are required depending upon the particular rule in effect. For example, the 'absolute majority' rule requires a majority of all votes cast, while a 'relative majority' selects the alternative with more votes than any other. Majority requires the counting of votes, but does not depend upon quantifying individual participation or limiting the amount of votes per individual. The entry introduces some thoughts about majority rule from a variety of political philosophers, including Locke, Rousseau, Bentham, and Calhoun.
The remainder of the entry focuses on two main problems encountered by majority rule systems. The first problem is the 'paradox of voting'--a majority rule system does not necessarily produce majority decisions when there are more than two options. The second problem with the majority rule system is its justification. For example, can even a majority of people really know what is best in our complex world? Also of concern is the compatibility between majority rule and minority rights.