Authors: Kuper & Kuper
Summary: This short entry notes the different forms of political participation. Early studies focused rather narrowly on electoral behavior, but since the 1960s unconventional forms of political participation such as protests, movements, strikes, and revolutions have become common subjects for the study of political participation. The entry considers the problem of measuring political participation. Empirical indicators include voluntary actions by citizens in support of (or opposed to) the regime, as well as the intensity, duration and number of such actions.